Role of the United States Contitution Paper Essay

Role of the United States Contitution Paper - Essay Example overnment in the development of a uniform system of trade as follows: â€Å"The Congress shall have power†¦..to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among several states and with Indian tribes.†(www.usconstitution,net). The United States Constitution thus spells out the regulatory role of the federal Government. This is very important because if businesses are allowed to operate completely without any kind of regulation, then there is a scope for abuses of business power to take place. For example, big corporations could turn themselves into monopolies and take over all the business, thus resulting in unfairness to customers who will be saddled with heavy prices at the whim of the monopoly. Such a move would also produce a lack of business fairness and opportunity for others to also flourish and thrive in the economy through the effective exercise of competition. But by allowing the federal Government to play a regulatory role, the national government can make use of its power to ensure that opportunities and resources are provided to a multiplicity of groups, so that there is potential for the balanced development of power rater than it becoming aggregated in the hands of a few wealthy corporations. The Government’s regulatory role extends to the development of sound monetary and banking systems and ensuring that adequate opportunity is provided to all, including those minority and disadvantaged sections of society who may not have the resources and wealth to make the best use of business opportunities existing in the economy. In the case of McCullogh v Maryland Justice Marshall found unquestionable evidence existing in the Constitution to support the position that the American people, who are in effect, the source of the Constitution, wished to accord to the Government, the powers to lay down taxes and to collect them, as well as to regulate commerce and since this was the intent of the people, it must have also been their intent that the national

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Ethics - Essay Example that there is only one right or better way to think about moral problems; â€Å"for example, the same figure can be seen as a square or a diamond, depending on its orientation in relation to a surrounding frame†¦a bird-watcher and a rabbit-keeper are likely to see the duck-rabbit figure in different ways, yet this difference does not imply that one way is better or a higher form of perceptual organization.† (p.229). Gilligan is imperative on the thinking that the conception of the moral domain is comprised of at least two moral orientations, and that these orientations raise new questions about observed differences in moral judgment and the disappointments to which they give rise. Factors such as the necessary distinction between differences in developmental stage and differences in orientation are strong issues in her discussion, and it is stated pronouncedly that her research on moral orientation derives from an observation which was made in the course of studying the relationship between moral judgment and action. Gilligan also speaks strongly about the issue of abortion, explaining that the language of the public abortion debate reveals a specific and significant justice perspective. â€Å"Whether the abortion dilemma is cast as a conflict of rights or in terms of respect for human life, the claims of the fetus and of the pregnant woman are balanced or placed in opposition.† (p.233) Gilligan uses various studies in her research and writing, in order to show the relation between the ethics of care and the issue of justice. One study of particular importance in this case is the one which two medical students were cast to each report a decision not to turn in someone who has violated the school rules against drinking, and who â€Å"cast their decision in different terms. One student constructs the decision as a net of mercy, a decision to override justice in light of the fact that the violator has shown ‘the proper degrees of contrition.’† (p.234). This study

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Management - Essay Example The present discourse is an in-depth evaluation of operations management from a strategic operations management perspective. Hence, establishing a link between operations strategy and corporate strategy will help in analyzing how and what competitive priorities are chosen by organisations. Further, key management functions such as planning, controlling, coordinating, and leadership are applied to operations management. These aspects of operations management are studied taking the example of the Toyota Production System. Operations refer to all the activities performed by an organisation in order to produce products or services. Management of these activities directly related to the production of goods and services is termed as operations management. For example, activities related to banking, transportation, shipping, and manufacturing of goods or products such as automobiles, food items, textiles etc all constitute operations management (Chase Jacobs & Aquilano, 2005). ... roduction, planning and designing production processes of goods and services, and also effective integration of marketing, finance, human resources management and strategy which facilitate the business to enter the market and also compete with both new and existing organisations in the market. In other words, operations management helps the firm to establish itself and also provide operational capabilities that promote its success and sustainability. Operations management involves complex processes that are interdependent; the core processes involve capacity planning, supply management, inventory management, quality and efficiency, technology and systems and human resources management. Theoretical aspects of operations management in manufacturing and service industries constitute a combination of three distinct functions, strategic functions, tactical functions and operational planning and control functions (Chase et al, 2005). The main management functions such as planning, organisi ng, controlling and leadership are applicable to operations management. Main operational processes in operations management include planning, production, purchasing or inventory management, supply chain management, distribution and marketing. All operations functions are strategically aligned to its larger or strategic business goals. Thus, operations functions are designed based on strategic decisions that match the organisational strategies (Heizer & Render, 2008). These strategic decisions are referred to as operations strategies. These strategic decisions define the conditions in which operations will be carried out in short and long terms. Operations strategies are the total pattern of decisions which shape the long-term capabilities of an operation and their contribution to overall

Anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Anemia - Research Paper Example It happens when our body fails on making healthy Red Blood Cells and leads to fatal diseases like cancer, thalassemia etc (Uthman 4). To understand how anemia gets itself rooted within a person’s body it becomes important to first understand what is the importance of Red Blood Cells in our body and why their deficiency cause anemia. It is a common assumption that human body has large proportion of blood but this is not true. Actually, blood makes up only a small fraction of our body’s volume i-e blood accounts for only seven present of the total body volume. Various systems in our body hugely depend upon blood circulation and its confinement most importantly the Circulatory system and Reticuloendothelial System (Uthman 7). Blood may appear to be like an inert liquid to the naked eye but in real sense it is living and breathing tissue just like any other body part. It consists of cells suspended in a liquid medium. Plasma is that liquid medium which accounts for about 60 percent of the total blood volume and it comprises of 93 percent water (Uthman 9). Besides water, it also consists of two types of proteins called albumin and globulins. Plasma also contains proteins that are involved in the coagulation of blood and are called coagulation factors. If we take plasma out of the blood and let it clot or coag ulate then the resulting fluid is called serum. The quantity of nutrients and other substances in serum helps evaluating anemia during laboratory testing. Forty percent of total blood volume is constituted by Blood Cells and the Red Blood Cells (RBCs or Erythrocytes) formulate the largest proportion while the other constituents are the White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) and Platelets. RBCs have nuclei in the DNA and are self-replicating cells that are made in the bone marrow. RBCs account for half of the total blood cells in the body and their only

The Issue of Leadership in Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Issue of Leadership in Christianity - Essay Example Leadership and vision in Christianity is consistent with this view and comprised of many secular beliefs relative to leadership components including understanding effective communications and the ability to persuasively to motivate. In essence, it’s the capability to lead organizations and individuals, to accomplish specific goals and objectives. As spiritual restorationism became a reality, the concept is clear that early Church leaders formed the basis of diverse protestant denominations different from what many may believe today were the original teachings of Jesus Christ. To get a sense of the differentiation of dissenting groups, several models have been reviewed during the course of this study including the belief that the Pope was Christ’s vicar, the Episcopal view (bishops as leaders), the Presbyterians who lead through â€Å"elders† of the congregation, the Congregationalist who make up rules unique to individual congregations, and The Evangelicals who are open about salvation even without church structure. As a result of these differing views, ultimately the various groups separated themselves from other each other, although in some cases this was over relatively small theological issues. Often differentiation was memorialized in confessionals composed as a roadmap for followers, which outlined the belief system and the code believers should follow. Confessionals were often fairly similar because they were based on the same historical tenants and basic religious beliefs. There is a tremendous amount of historical information associated with these unique groups, and it’s interesting to look at the similarities and differences. As a component of this review two major factions, the Episcopal and the Presbyterian factions, were selected from the list selected to compare and contrast relative to leadership style and structure. The Episcopal religion is based on a leadership system

An analysis of the micro and macro environment of M&S Research Paper

An analysis of the micro and macro environment of M&S - Research Paper Example However, the company has reported a decline in sales in the current year with a significant reduction of 8.1% in purchases that are made through online mediums (Ahmed, 2014). Even though, the brand name and customer loyalty which is linked with M&S has survived and even grown tremendously over a significant period, the company’s financial woes and slumping sales have emerged as a cause of concern for the management and shareholders. As reported by Rankin (2014) the company’s homeware and clothing divisions have been marked by the demonstration of disappointment monetary performances over a period of the past twelve financial quarters. Despite of the commitment shown by CEO Marc Bolland that revival would come soon enough, the company’s woes which have recently been maximized because of a serious website error and related technical issues continue to grow (Ahmed, 2014). Moreover, competitive concerns from local brands like Primark and international heavyweights like Zara postulate that the company may have to experience challenges in terms of exploring more viable opportunities in the clothing division (Ruddick, 2012). This research aims to aid the development of a critical assessment and analysis of Marks and Spencer’s micro and macro economic situation for the purpose of evaluating the future prospects and options which are available for the company to successfully and effectively cope with present issues. The framework or model of a SWOT analysis is an imperative component in assessing and examining the internal and external issues and prospects within a firm. As noted by Hill and Westbrook (1997), the application of SWOT analysis can aid companies in decision making procedures and aid the development of long term corporate planning to meet the specific requirements which have been outlined by the designated objectives at corporate, business, operational and tactical

Foundations of Learning and Collaborative Working Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Learning and Collaborative Working Essay â€Å"Discuss the concept of collaborative working within your professional area† To be able to understand the rationale, the different factors influencing the outcome of collaborative working and how this can be applied to Perioperative practice, it is important to have a sound understanding of the concept â€Å"Collaborative Working.† This concept has many terminological variations, one of the more frequently used is â€Å"Inter-professional working.† Hornby and Atkins (2000) state that collaborative working is â€Å"a relationship between two or more people, groups or organisations, working together to define and achieve a common purpose. † Barrett et al (2005) declares that inter-professional working is â€Å"the process whereby members of different professions and/or agencies work together to provide integrated health and/or social care for the benefit of service users.† Disregarding what is seen as the correct/incorrect terminology, the common denominator here is that all health care staff/ agencies’ are working together to provide the best healthcare possible for patients and service users. There have been many debates about the variation in terminology, Leathard (1994:5) refers to it as â€Å"terminological quagmire† that has been created due to rapid developments in practice, and in her analysis of terms, Leathard (1994:6) prefers to use the term multi-professional as it â€Å"infers a wider group of professionals.† In this instance the term â€Å"Collaborative working† will be used. Over the years there have been many drivers behind the rationale for collaborative working dating as far back as the 1960’s in the USA, where Henderson (1966) reports that â€Å"one hospital has weekly inter-professional ward conferences.† The idea of collaborative working is therefore not a relatively new concept. In recent years increased emphasis has been placed on collaborative working and the need to work together due to changes in technology, accountability and government reports. Technological advances such as telecommunication is now used by surg ical staff to live feed surgical procedures to other parts of the world. This has aided remote-area surgeons in their own practices (Shields Werder 2002) Similarly, the introduction of the National Health Service (NHS) direct advice line has created a way in which doctors can consult patients over the telephone. However a study by the Economic and Social Research Council (2005) concluded that â€Å"telemedicine is disappearing† compared to NHS direct advice line. The introduction to new machinery which takes blood pressures automatically rather than manually, this and other technological advances have all required healthcare staff to change the ways in which they work collaboratively. On the other hand, Government reports also change the way in which healthcare professionals work as they are often mandatory measures. The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (KSF) was introduced in 1999 under the Agenda for Change. Day (2006) claims that the use of KSF will â€Å"enable team leaders to identify gaps in the knowledge and skills of their inter-professional teams.† KSF is an essential requirement carried out every year to ensure pay progressions. Collaborative working is also brought about by accountability. All healthcare professionals are governed by a professional body such as the Health Professions Council (HPC) in which it is their duty to ensure compliance with the legislation on the use of protected titles (HPC, 2008) Not only are registrants accountable to the HPC they are also accountable to statutory and criminal law which means healthcare professionals must interact with patients and staff on an acceptable level at the risk of being prosecuted for their actions. Another driver for collaborative working is seen through the ever scrutinizing media. A recent news report by Hughes (2011) titled â€Å"Emergency surgery patients’ lives at risk, say surgeons† is one of the many examples of negative media that is putting more pressure on healthcare professionals to work more collaboratively. On the other hand, many of the publi c viewers do not see the bias in the majority of these news reports and many examples of good collaboration is missed. Resulting from the rationale behind why people work together it is important to understand the ways in which people do work together. Safe Surgery Saves Lives was an initiative that arose in 2006 by the World Health Organization and in 2008 a Surgical Safety Checklist was released globally. Research proved that â€Å"postoperative complication rates fell by 36% on average† and the checklist has also â€Å"improved communication among the surgical teams.† (Haynes, B.A et al, 2009, Pg: 496) Many trusts also have a theatre list policy and this ensures that staff are working collaboratively to ensure the lists are correct, accurate and the most important procedures have been prioritised. The idea differentiates among the trusts, but is most commonly referred to as a â€Å"Group hug.† This is carried out each morning before any surgical procedures commence and it is a chance for staff to collaborate and share any ideas or concerns over that day’s list. A big part of collaborative work, especially in peri-operative care, is about recognising each other’s skills and importance thus the idea of â€Å"inter-professional learning.† Kenward Kenward (2011, pg; 35-39) outlines the importance of mentors, stating that â€Å"mentors should act as role models for students of all professions.† Further promoting this the General Medical Council (2006) document on Good Medical Practice propounds that doctors also act as role models to try and â€Å"inspire and motivate others.† It is evident that there are many ways in which healthcare staff work together, however major issues are still identified around the factors that influence the outcomes of collaborative working. Miscommunication has been identified as a reoccurring problem. Certain behavioral patterns among peri-operative staff which included ignoring requests they did not understand, failing to seek clarification, failing to speak loudly enough to be heard and communicating information to the wrong person. (Gardezi et al 2009, pg: 1390-1399) This can be fatal especially in the case of Elaine Bromiley who had undergone a routine sinus surgical procedure. Due to a breakdown in communication between surgeons, Elaine unfortunately died. A video titled â€Å"Just a routine operation,† (LaerdalMedical, 2011) released after the death of Elaine Bromiley, identifies the breakdown in communication between the surgeons and the theatre nurses who had actually witnessed the surgeon’s distress and suggested an alternative method to intubating the patient which was ignored. This concept has been previously recognised as â€Å"professional separatism.† D’Amour et al (2005) argued that because professional groups are educated separately they are then socialised into â€Å"discipline-specific thinking.† Research concluded that 69% of respondents to a questionnaire they set out reported disagreement between surgeons and nurses. And that 53.4% reported experiencing aggressive behavior from consultant surgeons (Coe and Gould, 2008, Pg: 609-618) Thus meaning the outcomes of collaboration will suffer if all professionals do not interact and recognize the importance of other professionals’ skills. It is evident that collaboration and inter-professional working largely exists but with the constant changes in peri-operative practice as mentioned previously and the way healthcare is constantly observed, especially by the media, it is evident that collaborative working is a continuous development or a lifelong learning process. As technology changes and government policies are continually released it is inevitable that the ways in which healthcare professionals work together will also change and develop. References Barret, G, Sellman, D and Thomas. J (2005) Inter-professional working in Health and Social Care: Professional Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Coe, R and Gould, D (2008) ‘Disagreement and aggression in the operating theatre.’ Journal of Advanced Nursing. Volume: 61, Issue: 6, Pg: 609-618. Day, J (2006) Inter-professional working: An essential guide for health-and social-care professionals. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. D’Amour, D, Ferrada-Videla, M, San Martin Rodrigues, L and Beaulieu, M (2005) ‘The conceptual basis for inter-professional Collaboration: Core concepts and theoretical frameworks.’ Journal of Inter-professional Care. Supplement: 1, Pg: 116-131. Economic and Social Research Council (2005) Telemedicine revolution is ‘disappearing’ from the NHS. [Online] Available at: www.esrc.societytoday.ac.uk. (Accessed: 8 October 2011) Gardezi, F, Lingard, L, Espin, S, Whyte, S, Orser, B and Baker, G.R (2009) ‘Silence, po wer and communication in the operating room.’ Journal of Advanced Nursing. Volume: 65, Issue: 7, Pg: 1390-1399. General Medical Council (2006) ‘Good Medical Practice guidelines: working in teams.’ [Online] Available at: http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/good_medical_practice/working_with_colleagues_working_in_teams.asp (Accessed: 9 October 2011) Haynes, B.A, Weiser, G.T, Berry, R.W, Lipsitz, Sc.D et al (2009) ‘A Surgical Safety Checklist to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality in a Global Population.’ The New England Journal of Medicine. Volume: 360, Issue: 5, Pg: 496. Health Professions Council (2008-09) Continuing professional development annual report. [Online] Available at: http://www.hpc-uk.org/publications/reports/ (Accessed: 8 October 2011) Henderson, V (1966) The nature of Nursing: A definition and its implications for practice, research and education. New York. Macmillan. Hornby, S and Atkins, J (2000) Collaborative Care: Inter-professional, interagency and interpersonal. Oxford: Blackwell. Hughes, D (2011) ‘Emergency Surgery patients’ lives at risk, say surgeons.’ BBC news. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15098114 (Accessed: 8 October 2011) Kenward, L and Kenward, L (2011) ‘Promoting Inter-professional Care in the Perioperative environment.’ Nursing Standard. Volume: 25, Issue: 41, Pg: 35-39. Proquest [Online] Available at: http://proquest.umi.com/ (Accessed: 9 October 2011) Laerdal Medical (2011) ‘Just a Routine Operation’ [Online] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzlvgtPlof4 (Accessed: 9 October 2011) Leathard, A (1994) Going Inter-professional: Working Together for Health and Welfare. London: Routledge. Shields, L and Werder, H (2002 ) Perioperative Nursing. Cambridge University Press.