Political economy in Guatemala Forest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political economy in Guatemala Forest - Essay Example g political development, environmental and ecological issues challenge policy development because of their dependency on prevailing political perspectives. This has been particularly apparent in developing countries that often have substantial natural resources but lack the means to develop, monitor and manage their use. An example of such a scenario is the case of El Petà ©n or the Petà ©n region in Guatemala. The region is known for its rich forestry resources that has attracted industries and, in most recent years in particular, ecotourism (World Tourism Organization 29-32). Organization and management of the region’s area is defined by management regimes: biotopes, core habitats, private preserves, buffer zones and areas for multiple-use (see Figure 1). A substantial part of the region is not under state regularization, the majority of which are held by private parties. The reservation for ecological use or reserves was defined by research identifying key areas for species under threat and topological significance for the eco-management of the rest of the region (Schwartz). The most recent classification of environmental protection areas were modified to allow for ecotourism and long-term biological/ecosystem studies (World Tourism Organization 66-67). Property ownership can be procured outright or through lease agreements and processing or utilization of resources is generally regulated through state franchises. Development programs have also been initiated independently by private sectors and the government, with the majority of development programs financed though international funding in the form of aid and research, build operate and transfer agreements and industry-based initiatives primarily from tourism, communications and transportation interests. The foremost mandate is the protection of ecological and a heritage site, which in the case of Petà ©n encompasses also those of cultural significance. Agricultural and forestry are the main areas of

Avaition law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Avaition law - Essay Example of whether federal aviation law preempted state common law claims, or more specifically, whether a manufacturers compliance with federal aviation statutes and regulations should be a complete defense to individual state common law claims.3 The Tenth Circuit affirmed the trial courts decision not to grant summary judgment to Piper based on that defense.4 Concerned manufacturers, pilots, and legislators criticized the award for several reasons.5 In fairness to the Cleveland jury, one would have to have been at the original trial to know the factors influencing its decision.6 Deciding aircraft accident cases becomes even more difficult if the crash involves a small passenger aircraft, and if innocent third parties, either on the ground or in the aircraft, are injured. In cases where no one was negligent but people are injured, the ultimate legal question remains: â€Å"Who should pay?† Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides the basic rule for â€Å"strict liability† standard for defective products cases.7 Essentially, section 402A permits an individual who is injured by a product to receive compensation from the seller, manufacturer, or distributor of that product without regard to â€Å"fault† in producing, selling, or distributing the product. Also, under section 402A whether the manufacturer, seller, or distributor used the utmost care in the production and sale of the product is irrelevant.8 Liability under section 402A is predicated upon the fact that the product was â€Å"defective† at the time it was sold. If the defective product has injured someone, it does not matter if the â€Å"defect† is a singular flaw in one particular unit or a design flaw in an entire product line. Policies behind the adoption of this no-fault â€Å"strict liability† standard reflect the concern for harm to the unsuspecting individual. If an increasingly mechanized society benefits from these products, and a certain number of the products are bound to be defective,

Agritourism And Rural Development Economics Essay

Agritourism And Rural Development Economics Essay There are several evidences for agritourisms contribution for rural development from various countries. Not only in developed countries, researches in developing countries have also discovered many findings regarding this phenomenon as agritourism has the ability to open up alternative income sources for the farmers as well as for the surrounding community. As it is a people-oriented industry, agritourism can offer many jobs which can help to revive rural economies. Agritourism has different ways and means of assisting rural development and has ability to influence the economic, socio-cultural and environmental enhancement of some societies. 3.3.1 Agritourism and rural development in developed countries There are many significant studies in developed countries related to agritourism and rural development. As per the study of Haghiri and Okech (2011) on role of the agritourism management in developing the economy of rural areas in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in rural development, agritourism acts as a solution for the problem of poverty by giving economic opportunities for the farmers. They have mentioned that the promotion of tourism and agritourism activities is one way to help develop the economy of rural areas in the province that is facing a series of challenges, such as small internal markets; shifting socio-demographics; lack of sufficient investments; the high rate of out-migration; diseconomies of scale; and the underdeveloped economic infrastructure for the time being. Further, they have identified three alternatives as starting the production of new products; organic fruits and vegetables, specialized livestock products like sheep, goats, fur, emu, r abbits, etc., farm-based food products, such as bread, jams and jellies, and handmade crafts and enhancing the existing tourism products and also developing new markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, other provinces of Canada, and international countries. In Bahamas, agritourism use forward linkages with agriculture and tourism by direct selling of agricultural products and services to the visitors and also backward linkages such as indirect approach using an intermediary to provide products to the tourism sector. These activities improve the income of farmers and finally helping for the rural development (Hepburn, 2008). Schmitt (2010) has done a study on the farming womens agency, coping strategies, visions and wishes against the dynamic changes of the agricultural sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an important permanent livelihood strategy for some farming families, it remains an additional income for others. Either way, it has turned out to be a source of womens growing self-confidence as well as a sustainable ingredient of regional development. (Refer Mortan 2006 See End note) Agritourism in Italy has been able to conduct broad and innovative product range, sophisticated Marketing systems and most importantly, extensive government supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear objective in mind: To halt rural out-migration by keeping farmers on the land (Porcaro, 2009). As per Choo, (2012) agritourism can give farmers an opportunity to generate additional income and to be an avenue for direct marketing of the farm products to consumers. It can also help counteract social and economic problems of the farms and local residents (loss of income, increased expenses, globalization, and others (associated with the decline of traditional agriculture industries). While the financial advantages with respect to employment and wages are clear, agritourism development can also enhance the local quality of life. It can serve as an important source of tax revenues, which may lead to higher public services and lower local tax rates. Agritourism can also support conservation of local culture and traditions, helping to maintain the viability of small-scale agriculture (Choo, 2012). In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly supported as one of the rural development strategies. A number of agritourism enterprises are developing at local level with volunteer initiatives using the desires of local people and local administrations that want to benefit from the facilities of agritourism in Turkey. For example in, Karaburun and Ankara Villages, agritourism services such as accommodation, tasting and buying local foods by the urban people and administration to find extra income for them (Topcu-2007). Also, the BuÄÅ ¸day Associations Ecological Farm Holidays project (Ta-Tu-Ta Project) in Turkey is a cooperative project conducted by volunteer farmers and non-governmental organization targeting to encourage ecological lifestyle. This project stated that farmers benefit from agritourism by producing and selling of organic products to the visitors. Agritourism aids rural economic development by providing alternative use of farmland, increasing revenue of on-farm activities, improving business sustainability, and bringing economic revenue to rural areas both on-site and near the operation. Agritourism also has the potential for informal agricultural education between the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agriculture (Jolly and Reynolds, 2005). A study of Nasers, (2009) in Iowa UAS found that the promotion of agritourism provides a beneficial relationship for local food systems as it helps to enhance the appeal of local foods. In order to challenge and rearrange the modern agri-food system, Local food has become the social movements unifying theme. In contrast, the local food paradigm highlights the importance of food quality and freshness, environmental protection, an individual connection to family and small scale farms, economic multiplier effects which occur when making local purchases and community self-reliance (Ostrom, 2006, p. 66). The demand for fresh produce continues to grow, offering producers the opportunity to increase their profits through direct marketing. Direct marketing provides a link between consumers seeking high-quality produce and producers who are seeking an opportunity to compete in the produce industry (Kuches et al.). In addition to linking the consumer to the producer, direct marketing allows th e producer to bypass the traditional distribution network and earn a greater share of profits (Kuches et al.). As a form of direct marketing, agritourism creates opportunities for the producer to link with their consumer and directly market their products. Moreover, Agritourism is increasing rural vitality and stimulating new economic opportunities through the diversification of farm operations and increased revenue on-site and near the operations in Iowa (Norby and Retallick, 2012). Twe (2010) have reported that agritourism is increasingly being adopted in the United States as it gives a myriad of economic and intrinsic benefits to farmers, visitors and communities, keeps family farms in business and preserving American agricultural heritage, maximizing the productivity of farmland resources through their recreational use, and even improve the economic situation of local communities. Also agritourism is suggested to increase farm revenues and serve other farmer goals (Ollenburg and Buckley, 2007; McGehee and Kim, 2004; Nickerson et al., 2001). Farms that diversify into agritourism are likely to utilize existing resources or other low-input options (Fisher, 2006). Additional economic support for the farm business is especially important in the current time due to increased land values and agricultural input costs (Salamon, 2003; Busby and Rendle, 1999; Ilbery, 1991). Agritourism generally activates as a small family enterprises, so its both socially and economically profitable. Also Agritourism assists to mitigate emigration from remote areas and generate profit by diversifying economy. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural areas adds quality to their life (Monica Iorio and Andrea Corsale, 2010). According to Gale, (2006) rural tourism enterprises provide novel sources of income for families living in remote areas. 2002, Sharpley (2002) has said that agritourism can offer job opportunities for rural people in local crafts and wine making sectors to provide additional income. Agritourism helps repopulation of rural areas, improvement of the public services, revitalization of local crafts and to increase opportunities for social contacts and exchange. Developing and organizing agritourism requires a significant investment though potential investment is less. (Sharpley, 2002). Agritourism positive educational force stimulates a thirst for knowledge of the outside world, encouraging entrepreneurial activity, providing extra income, generating new forms of employment, creating new patterns of travel or setting up potentially negative demonstration effects, modifying culture and major economic leakages through transnational involvement (Hall, 1998). A study of Beglaryan, (2011) on Development of Agro tourism in Armenia, agritourism provides the opportunity to increase the potential for  higher  margin,  on-farm  sales  and value  added  products  and  services.   Because most Armenian farms are operated by small landowners, there is great o pportunity for customization and uniqueness in agritourism attractions. Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritourism can contribute for the agriculture rural development in several ways (Wicks and Marret 2003; Bruch, 2008). However, to fulfill this condition, several other requirements and conditions are crucial. For example, Danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attention on barriers and structural shortcomings exist before focusing towards the potentials of development of farms which are in need of diversifying the business, and their economic support possibilities. Most importantly, the advices from the consultancy structures of the agricultural associations and from regional and national tourism development bodies and possible networks for green/farm/rural tourism operators are needed in order to gain the full potential of Denmarks rural tourism. (Nielsen,Aae Nissen and Just, 2010). With most agricultural producers in Miami-Dade County experiencing increased pressure by developers to sell their lands, rising operating costs, and stagnant or declining profit margins for most of the major agricultural commodities, agritourism is a possible way to assist with preserving agriculture and open space and contributing to the longer- term economic variability of farm operations. Moreover, while the benefits of agritourism are vital to the individual producers, the benefits go much further with multiplier effects can have major impacts on the local economy (Evans and Hodges, 2006). The literature review indicates that agritourism can provide farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as: Generating secondary income for farm operators Preserving the visual and cultural rural landscape (Williams and Shaw, 1996; Luloff et al., 1 995; Turner and Davis, 1993); Reducing out migration by providing jobs (Friesen; 1995; Ryan, 1995; Turner and Davis, 1993; Demoi, 1983).; Bringing a transfer of ideas from urban to rural areas (Oppermann, 1996); Providing urban people with an experience of rural living (Lowry, 1996; Reid et al., 1993); Diversifying the rural economy (Lowry, 1996; Ryan, 1995; Maude and van Rest, 1985); Creating eventual market contacts with urban centers (Agricultural Land Commission, 1997; Bowen et al., 1991 ; Demoi, 1983); Making provisions for certain infrastructure (Bowen et al., 1991); and Enhancing the rural identity of communities and emphasizing the importance of agriculture in local areas (Luloff et al., 1995; Ryan, 1995). Therefo re, it is significant that most of the evidences are from developed countries and only a few are from developing countries. Agritourism is accepted by various countries in the world as a rural policy to create rural viability. Agritourism is one of the most diversifying tourism types and the entrepreneurship is highly in need of its success since it plays a major role there. This diversification has converted the agritourism into a strong sector in its rights from being an auxiliary commercial activity (Busby and Rendle 2000; Clarke J. 1998). 3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing countries When agritourism studies of Asia is concerned, only a few can be identified. For example, Utama (2007) has studied on economic, social and environmental benefits the local community enjoys from agritourism and the demand for this industry among tourists in Bali, Indonesia. The aim of the study was to formulate the best strategies to innovate and build up agritourism on Bali. Based on the study, he has found that increase in income of agritourism farmers and job opportunities for local residents, creating networks to strengthen regional or local structures, multiplier effects for small-scale direct investments, diversity increment of economic activities, stimulating physical infrastructure development, increasing the awareness of the importance and value of an area, such as its nature and culture, landscape and the economic potencies and also developing the infrastructure in order to bring about opportunities for other economic development activities. Furthermore, creation of working fields for the local communities through generating related tourism businesses, enhancing the values of the village that contributes for the forms of agricultural product improvements, stimulation of development of other related tourism enterprises such as restaurants, accommodations and handicraft shops, uplifting the social statuses of the local communities in order to reduce poverty, decrease unemployment and also to diminish urbanization though environmental conservation are sustainable tourism development indicators that contributed towards the development of agritourism in Bali. Increasing the arrival of tourists and creating economic incomes are some other contributions that play the key roles of agritourism in applying the sustainable tourism development in Bali. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed lots to the improvement of economy lives of the local communities in the forms of agricultural products sales, various of hand-made souvenirs or handicrafts sold for the tourists, chances to establish food stalls or restaurants and certain types of accommodation such as home-stay, bungalow, villa, and hotel, as well as village development. With respect to economy improvement, the stakeholders predominantly agree that increasing agricultural products are the most contribution generated from agritourism development with mean of 3.97. Moreover, agritourism has contributed toward improvement of social situation. There are three indicators which empower the potency of agritourism development such as poverty alleviation, decreasing the number of unemployment, and declining the urban. The stakeholders mostly agree that the Agritourism enables to alleviate poverties and decrease the unemployment since it provides work opportunities which can help to i mprove the quality of the villagers lives. Not only that, Agritourism has highly played a role in applying sustainable tourism development in Bali. Stakeholders predominantly have agreed that the agritourism development contributes toward nature conservation as one of the important goals of sustainable tourism (sustaining nature, social life, and culture, as well as generating income for the local societies) (Utama, 2007).   In Malaysia, according to the study of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, (2011) on Agritourism: Potential opportunities for farmers and local communities, agritourism has made a vital economic contribution to rural areas and communities though providing local residents with additional sources of income, diversifying the economy and lending prestige to rural life. It enables many to experience a novel form of travel and leisure, to gain new awareness and a positive attitude towards other worlds, towards the environment and towards local people and their culture. According to Said et al (2012) at Kampung Semarang village in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to enhance the agricultural value of the farms and livestock. It is also to promote the village as a new agri-based tourism destination, which would boost the standard of living amongst the farmers and villagers contributing for the local development. Also, Hamzah et.al., (2012) in their study on socio-economic impact potential of agritouris m activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community living in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potential of rising the consciousness of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is helping to enhance the social empowerment, strengthen the community, diversify and intensify economic activities, provide job opportunities and alleviate poverty in that community. Agritourism has arisen as an important rural development strategy in Korea. The rural development program named rural theme village in is mainly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon (2006) have studied on this program and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernization procedure of the national economy. And also, it has given insights to both farmers and policymakers to adopt a broader perspective than hither to agricultural product oriented attitude of rural development. In Thailand, Srisomyong (2010) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and tried to utilize all their resources to be fully of benefit from the growth of tourism. Some activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A main opportunity for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could also suggest that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Revenue generated from them tends to be in a community, thus there has a small leakage of income. A study in the state of Haryana (India) has discovered that agritourism help to get employment opportunities, put hoarding on roadsides, sustainability for agriculture proper, various sources of income, help farmers to enhance their knowledge. As it is a new enterprise with less competition it is business activity as compared to traditional farming less land with low productivity can give more returns maintain natural resources as nutrient mining is less and soil conservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution problems to environment, improve health and it protects local heritage and culture (Shehrawat, 2009). Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, (2012) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an innovative form of rural tourism, in the context of rural market as it can positively influence regional development through generating large scale employment and additional income sources to the skilled and unskilled. Developing tourism in rural areas increases participation of the poor and brings wider benefits for the whole community. Also, it is a sustainable revenue generating product for rural market via inflowing resources from urban to the rural economy. It can prevent migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialized form of rural tourism in rural market. According to Murangwa (2010) in India, agritourism is recognized as an essential part in the process of sustaining the economies. Agritourism is a key element of social and environmental responsibility of rural tourism which leads to rural diversification of economy in terms of development of infrastructure such as tourism facilities like restaurants and accommodation, water, electricity, roads, telecommunication and health centers as well as creating occupations in order to increase income of the local community As all these informations are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an important role in tourism sector and it has able to contribute for rural development in significant level in many contexts. The developing countries should therefore consider agritourism as emerging form of tourism that would undoubtedly lead to rural development as well as complementing other forms of tourism existing in their countries (Murangwa, 2010). Furthermore, in literature review, it was noted that agritourism is in a position to give better results under the favorable conditions especially where appropriate policies and programs are available. Therefore, suitable strategic plans are essential to minimize the negative impacts and optimize the positive impacts and to reach sustainable development in future. 3. 4. Chapter Summary Rural development is one of the main targets of many countries. Agriculture had been played a significant role in the rural development in the past. However, due to several reasons such as open economic policies and globalization and liberalization of agricultural trade, now agriculture sector of several countries have gone down. Moreover, lots of other problems like high cost of production, low productivity, lack of modern technology, marketing problems are also in the sector. Owing to this situation for a certain period of time, rural development was expected through modernization approach paying emphasis on rural industries. By now, it has failed and a latest rural development is again pay attention highly on agricultural development in a sustainable way. In this background, the main challenges are to find ways and means of save the agriculture sector and get the contribution of it for the rural development as agriculture is the main resource available in rural areas. Many studies have identified agritourism as an important alternative in this regard due to its special characters to rejuiniail the agriculture sector and the rural development. Therefore, research on agritourism and rural development will be important for Sri Lanka as it is an agricultural country.

The History of Hysteria Essay -- Exploratory Essays

The History of Hysteria W. Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence is essentially a novel about a man’s struggle to free himself from the restrictions of society and to act out his most passionate desire--to paint. However, Maugham’s novel is also a story of its time and therefore reflects popular theories and ideas that were prevalent at the time of its writing. Included in these ideas is Hysteria, mentioned clearly when the narrators describes the doctor’s view of Blanche’s attempt to kill herself as â€Å"just a hysterical woman who had quarreled with her lover...it was constantly happening. (Maugham 123). The following will describe the development, symptoms and treatment of Hysteria. Hysteria, considered a â€Å"neurotic illness† (www.a2zpsychology.com/a2z%20guide/hysteria.htm) was considered a disorder in which a person, usually a woman, exhibited physical symptoms yet no physical cause could be found. Coming from the Greek for â€Å"uterus,† or â€Å"hysteria,† Hysteria was thought to be related to the uterus or an altered menstrual cycle. Hysteria’s symptoms were many, but the most notable included â€Å"inappropriate elation or sadness† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm), excessive laughing or crying followed by an abrupt return to a normal state, fainting, panic, paralysis, cramps in the body and a â€Å"sense of constriction of the throat.† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm) The French doctor Jean-Martin Charcot, a pioneer in the field of psychiatry in the mid-nineteenth century, insisted that there were four stages to a â€Å"full hysterical attack:† 1. Tonic Rigidity 2. Clonic spasms and grand movements 3. Attitudes passionelles, or vivid physical representations of one or more emotional states 4. Final delirium-... ...n appreciates† (SOURCE) and Hearst’s magazine urged husbands to purchase them as Christmas gifts to â€Å"keep their wives young and pretty and free from Hysteria.† However, as Freud initiated a new type of thinking in the psychiatric world, vibrators fell out of use and were replaced by more â€Å"modern† cures such as psychoanalysis. While hysteria is no longer a medical condition, it is important to note its effect both on the medical world and the steps it took to cure it as well as the effect it had on women and their standing in society. SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION: www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm This web site provides a very complete description of the history, causes, symptoms and cures for Hysteria. Also, for further reading, try Charlotte Perkins Gillman’s The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Short Stories, available from Penguin Publishers.

Minister’s Black Veil: The Harbored Sin

Reverend Mr. Hooper approached the â€Å"meeting house† Sunday morning to preach his sermon as he did every Sunday, but on this day, he wears a veil that normally signifies mourning. The veil represents the good minister’s guilty conscience that masks a secret sin he harbors in his soul. From Hooper’s first sermon with the veil, the congregation recognizes the darkness he hides with the crape. The sermon makes â€Å"reference to secret sin, and those sad mysteries we hide from our nearest and dearest,† possibly Hooper’s. Later, the minister attends a funeral where the town’s people feel â€Å"the minister and the maiden’s spirit were wailing hand and hand. † In this scene, the inner death of the Reverend’s soul gives him a connection with the deceased. The guilt seizes the minister at the wedding he performs for the â€Å"handsomest couple in Milford. † He catches a look at himself in a mirror and â€Å"the black veil involved his own spirit in the horror with which it overwhelmed all others. † Obviously his guilt overwhelms him at this happy occasion. The sin he harbors in his soul also changes him and separates him from society. At first, Old Squire Sanders does not invite the minister to breakfast. As he continues to wear the veil, â€Å"the gentle and timid would turn aside to avoid him†¦the children fled from his approach. † Even his fiance leaves him because he cannot clear his clouded conscience. Mr. Hooper explains to Elizabeth, â€Å"I hide my face for sorrow. . . I cover it for secret sin. † That sin keeps him from happiness with Elizabeth. The reverend does connect, however, with other sinners. He uses the veil for â€Å"one desirable effect. † The veil’s â€Å"gloom, indeed, enabled him to sympathize with all dark affections. Converts felt â€Å"they had been with him behind the black veil,† signifying they share that secret sin Hooper hides. The Reverend’s â€Å"soul hath a patient weariness until that veil be lifted,† and the secret sin weighs on the minster’s soul. His soul must go to heaven in order to be saved. Unfortunately,  "on this earth† his soul suffers. While he remains human, his soul will bear the burden of sin. Not until God takes his soul can his body finally be cleansed from his impurities. Mr. Hooper wears the black veil to demonstrate to others the guilt he feel being a sinner.

Can Divorce be Beneficial for Children

University I stared Into his uncontrolled, demonic eyes Just Inches from mine as I watched his body tremble and quake with wrath. It was an unbridled anger I had encountered many times before. I listened as the sharp words escaped his mouth, piercing me like daggers. Not knowing if any hasty movement would have dire repercussions, I stood frozen, heart racing, undecided of my next move. Helplessness filled my soul.I'd felt stuck for nearly 15 years now, married to this ticking time-bomb of a man, walking on eggshells dally, never knowing what was going to send him Into fit of rage. Why did I continue to stay? For the children. I had always been told that divorce was bad for children. I was afraid I would make a decision that would negatively affect them for the rest of their lives. But, in this moment I realized the abusive situation we all were living in was far worse than the possible negative effects of divorce. We had to find a way out.This scenario, drawn from my own personal ex perience, Is not as uncommon as one might think. People continue on In toxic or abusive marriages with the misconception that staying married will be best or their children. From my perspective as a single mother of 3 children who was in an emotionally abusive marriage, I have personally witnessed the positive effects that divorce can have on children. Especially, when there are cases of abuse both physical and emotional, or extreme contention within the home, divorce can have a positive effect on the children Involved.While I am only a witness to my own personal experience there has been significant research done on the topic of divorce and the effects, both positive and negative, It has on children. I will draw on the expertise of Jolliet (201 1), Clark (201 3), Amatol (2010), Coleman, Glenn (2010) as well as others, and their extensive research about the effects of divorce on children. Divorce has had a bad stigma throughout the ages because of the effects it was thought to have on children. It's often been heard, â€Å"We stayed together for the children. As divorce rates have increased, and no fault divorces have been Implemented, the perceived damage of divorce on children has started to recede. Particularly, under certain circumstances where there is much discord or abuse, divorce has proven to e beneficial for children. A divorce can end the modeling of a bad relationship, create happier parents, and a healthier environment for everyone, including the children. Historically, divorce has been viewed as a negative marital option and in fact, up until the sass's divorce was fault based.In other words, legally to get a divorce one spouse had to prove the other spouse executed a marital offense. This looked at as outcasts from a â€Å"broken-home,† Olive, 2011). Research ensued to back up these negative conceptions of divorce on children. The problem was, much of the search failed to take into consideration the effects of the pre-divorce environment . Figure 1: Shows the long-term divorce rates from 1940 – 2012. It shows the dramatic increase in divorce rates when the no-fault divorce was written into law. Source: Divorce recession drop rebound, with the 2012 rate (2014).Over time, as shown in the chart above, the no fault divorce was legislated into law, and helped to eradicate this stigma Olive, 2011). Divorce rates did rise dramatically until the early ass's, and have since populated, or even declined slightly. With this increase, people began to be ore accepting of divorce. Recent studies are revealing that divorce can have a positive effect on children. Much of the result has to do with how the parents handle the divorce with their children,; therefore, the positive effects are not Just limited to cases of abuse. As a result (of dispelling the negative divorce connotations), instead of divorce being taboo and frowned upon, people now view divorce as a second chance to be happy. Instead of being considered lost caus es, children of divorce can now be seen as resilient and able to cope,† said Jolliet, a partner at Randall & Sonnies, and family divorce attorney. With the â€Å"stay together for the sake of the children† mantra so ingrained into the ideals of society, the effects of these misconceptions of divorce still deter many from getting a divorce.So much historical research was done showing how children suffered from divorce either academically, or emotionally, and society for years has accepted this thought process. Unfortunately, this causes people to stay in abusive marriages, or marriages with extreme discord, far longer than they should, not realizing that they may actually be hurting their children far more than helping them. Brenda Clark, a child psychologist ND member of the Canadian Pediatric Society said, â€Å"If there is a high level of conflict, children appear to be better off if the marriage ends and separation occurs. Research now shows that children who were e xposed to marital conflict prior to the divorce, even in utter, were more likely to develop problems, emotionally and behaviorally (Coleman, & Glenn, 2010). There are abundant holes in past research that pointed at divorce as negatively effecting affecting children's well-being, and pre- divorce environments were not taken into consideration when making these assessments. Jolliet (2011) quotes sociologist Dry.Lisa Stretching as saying, â€Å"Perhaps we should pay more attention to what happens to kids in the period leading up to parental divorce rather than directing all our efforts to helping children after the event occurs. † Children in highly dysfunctional families actually show a drop in the level of anti-social behavior they exhibit after a parental divorce Olive, 2011). Many children, especially in cases of abuse and domestic violence, report feeling a sense of relief after the divorce (Clark, 2013). There are many positives that can come from a divorce for children.Di vorce can end the modeling of a bad relationship. When children are constantly surrounded by unhappy parents who are always quarrelling they begin to believe this type of behavior is what a relationship is be argumentative as well in their personal relationships with others, both in and outside of the home. I saw this happen with my own children. Their father was an argumentative person, not Just with me, but also with them. The rockier and more argumentative my relationship got with him, the more they fought with one another, and others around them.My relationship with their father deteriorated to the point that the bickering between my children became almost incessant. They could not be around each other without fighting. When we were finally able to separate ourselves from their father, the level of fighting dropped significantly, almost immediately. So much so in fact, that other extended family members around us remarked about how different their behavior became after getting o ut of that toxic situation. My children have each individually told me how much more relaxed they feel, and how happy they are to be out of that situation.When parents are able to end a bad relationship, and turn their interaction into more positive ones, they are able to monster what a healthy relationship looks like to their children Jacob, 2014). Another interesting concept to explore is parents who are able to get out of a bad relationship and find happiness, often have better interactions with one another, and this attitude spills over to the children Jacob, 2014). Attorney Steven R. Jacob states, â€Å"Although splitting up with your spouse is a traumatic experience, it's important to focus on the best interest of the children involved.Their happiness can best be attained by both parents seeking their own individual happiness. This holds true whether that they be together or apart. I have seen first-hand how my own post- divorce happiness has had a great impact on my children . They have all said to me how much happier they are now. For example, the first Christmas after we left, my then 13 year old son, came up to me and told me it was the best vacation break he had ever had. We didn't go anywhere, or do anything extravagant, but he told me how nice it was to feel calm and happy without his father around.Divorce can be what is best to create a positive environment in which to raise children. Divorce can ease the tension in a home, and relieve the household of unnecessary stresses that effect children Jacob, 2014). My children tell me all the time how nice it is to feel relaxed now. Alleviating the stress of not knowing what their father might do to them has allowed them to relax and come into their own. Having the ability to be relaxed has not only affected their behavior at home, it has positively affected their schoolwork, and all three are flourishing.Not all marriages that end in divorce are a result of abuse, or high levels of discord. In fact, res earch shows that there's a sizable amount number that can be categorized as â€Å"good enough marriages† without much marital discord at all (Kim 2011). How parents handle divorce with regard to their children is especially important in these cases. If a child has been exposed to little, if any, marital conflict, parental separation can come as a shock, and when this occurs children appear to be worse off than before the separation (Clark 2013).Oftentimes, children do experience a disruption to their well-being and have feelings of immediate distress during a parental divorce, but most reports show that after the dust settles from the divorce the majority of children settle into a normal development (Coleman & Glenn, 2010). Parents can avoid the negative effects of ivories on their children by learning how to co-parent in a positive way. â€Å"Research with effective discipline and limit-setting, is a powerful protective and resilience- promoting factor for children experien cing parental separation or divorce. (Clark, 2013, 2013). When parents put their differences aside and focus on the child's well- being, they are increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes on their children's well- being. Parents can also minimize or eliminate the effects of divorce by working on their interpersonal communication skills with one another, strengthening parent- hill relationships, mainlining minimizing limiting the the routine changes in routine for the children, and creating an open environment in which children can discuss their feelings Olive 2011).Going through a divorce is a difficult and emotional battle, and no divorce can really be categorized as a good divorce. â€Å"Today research has shown that one of the most important things divorcing parents can do is to educate themselves and understand how their actions along with the animosity they exhibit toward each other impacts their children in negative and destructive ways† Olive 2011).If parents show hostility toward their ex-spouse, talk poorly about them in front of the children, argue and continue to have extreme conflict during and after the divorce process, they are going to have a negative impact on their children's emotional well-being. Research has shown that ongoing inter- parental conflict is one of the most damaging aspects of divorce (Clark 2013). If parents can get along and work together the impact on their children can be positive. It's important for parents to put aside their negative feelings toward one another, and put the needs of their children's first.One effective way to do this is to develop a business-like approach to interacting with one another. Respecting one another, setting clear boundaries, and laying out ground rules for their interactions with regards to the children will all help parents to positively impact their children's well- being (Clark, 2013). Another way to create a positive impact on a child's well-being in association with divorce is to increase and nurture the parent-child relationship. Director of the Center for Family in Transition at Cortex Madder, California, Dry.Judith Wallflowers, said â€Å"what makes a difference to a child of divorce is a much more butte, much more elusive issue of how that child perceives whether he is accepted or reject by his parents† Olive, 2011). When a child is able to feel that their relationship with their parents stays intact, despite the divorce, they continue to feel loved, respected, and maintain a positive self-image. When parents share custody of their children, they each have individual time with them, giving them the opportunity to engage in more effective parenting during their time with the child.Parents who choose to utilize this time to strengthen their relationship with their children, and vive them undivided attention will allow their children to experience the full parenting of both parents Jacob 2014). Research has shown that good, effective parenting can quite possibly be the most important factor in determining a child's well-being after divorce (Coleman 2010). â€Å"In one long-term study, a good relationship with the custodial parent predicted fewer child behavior problems, better communication skills, better grades and higher ratings of adjustment (Clark 2013).The parent-child relationship seems to affect a child so much that psychologists now UT more importance on the family relationship rather than the family structure in terms of the impact it has on a child's well-being Olive 2011). â€Å"Parent-child skills, positive communication, and low levels of conflict and negativity are consistently associated with fewer negative outcomes related to mental health and with more positive outcomes related to social adaptation following a separation or divorce† (Clark 2013). When the routine off child is constantly disrupted, they have a difficult time feeling settled and grounded.When divorce transpires, inevitably disruption o ccurs in a child's day-to-day life. Divorce is often surrounded by stress, confusion, conflict, and disorientation (Clark 2013). If parents can work together to minimize these stresses, and their impact on their children, the children will be able to navigate through the divorce much easier. For a period of time, it was thought that equal Joint-custody (spending equal days in the month with each parent) was what was best for children, but research now shows that this causes too much disruption for the children, and negatively affected affects their emotional well-being.In fact, one Norwegian study showed that the closer in proximity a non-resident father lived o his children, the worse off they were in terms of educational attainment. It was theorized that this was due to the child having to split time between the two households, causing too much disruption to the needed stability in the child's life. The study showed that if a father relocated, it sheltered the child not only from parental post-divorce conflict, but also created a more stable home environment (Kali 2011).Now, this does not mean that all fathers should stay away from their children in an effort to keep the disruption to their lives at bay. Simply, it means that ireful consideration should be made, and reflection on the children's needs when determining the best way to create a stable environment for the children. Children adjust best to their post-divorce environments if there is as little disruption as possible to their schedules, activities, and social lives. The final parental consideration for positively affecting children of divorce is to create an open line of communication between parents and children.When a child feels comfortable talking about their frustrations, fears, or emotions about the divorce, they are able to maintain a normal sense of well-being Olive, 2011). While parents are in the divorce stage, children are more likely to feel loneliness, anxiety, sadness, and as a result lower self-esteem (Kim, 2011). If these children feel that it is safe for them to speak with their parents about these feelings, they can work together to get through them, and minimize their effects.It is imperative that parents communicate well and frequently with their children, and openly discuss their love and devotion to the child. It is important that children learn to understand it is normal to have a myriad of feelings about their own experience with the divorce. Learning to cope with these feelings can be a challenge for both the parent and the child (Clark 2013). There are many group support programs that have shown to be effective in helping both parents and children through the emotions of divorce. Group support helps reduce children's sense of isolation, clarifies misconceptions, and teaches how to problem- solve and communicate more effectively with parents† (Clark, 2013). Divorce should not be taken lightly, and while it can have negative effects on children, it certainly doesn't have to be that way. There are some cases, especially when abuse or mommies violence are is involved, when divorce is the best solution to an undesirable situation. It can redirect a child from a negative to a positive path of mental well- the parents are divorced.Getting children out of these situations actually drastically increases their ability to attain positive mental and physical well-being. In non- abusive, but highly dysfunctional marriages, parents have the ability to change their negative behavior towards each other during, and after the divorce, alleviating the stress of divorce on the children. When parents can create a better emotional environment for children after divorce, much of the negative effects of divorce dissipate, and the children can recover and go on to be normal, healthy adults.If you would like to learn mortem find out more about the effects of divorce on children, or if you have questions about my own personal experiences being in a n emotionally abusive marriage, and being able to get out, email me at [email  protected] Com. No abusive relationship is worth staying in for the sake of the children. If you find yourself in this situation, have the courage to get out. You will be better off for it, and our children will thank you for being strong enough to get them out of a terrible environment. As shown that the quality of parenting, as defined by warmth and nurture along 2013) When parents put their differences aside and focus on the child's well-being they are increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes on their children's well-being. â€Å"The quality of parent-child relationships is an important protective factor that predicts the long-term impact of separation and divorce on children. † (Clark, 2014) Also, if parents focus on their relationship with the child, putting the well-being of the child first, the child will feel accepted.

Witch Trials essays

Witch Trials essays The mock witchcraft trial done in class displayed many aspects of witchcraft trials that might normally have been used long ago. I think one thing that directly affected the result of the trial was the fact that the two women accused of witchcraft were both illiterate peasants. Since they were illiterate, they were not able to use outside written sources to defend themselves. For example, the village crone could have brought in Part I., Question Viii. Of the Malleus Maleficarum which states that witches could only affect the lives of the babies that were from unmarried women since matrimony was Gods work, and the devil was not as strong as God (malleusmaleficarum.org/part_I/mm01_08a.html). This would have disproved the accusations against her relating to being a midwife since the only babies that were dead were from married women. Also, the trial might have been different if the people would have found out about the village girls mothers abortion by the midwife. This act would have a dded further reason to convict her. Another way the trial could have been different is if the people had never discovered that the village girls rambling was just form her being lonely and imaginative. If they would not have questioned her as much as they did, they would have thought she was simply possessed rather than just over imaginative. In addition, there were several points during the trial that most determined its outcome. First, when it was discovered that many of the babies that the midwife had delivered had died, everyone seemed to think this was a sure sign of witch craft. They believed this because throughout history witches that are midwives have been known to kill babies and sacrifice them to the devil. For example, Part II, Question 1, Chapter XIII of the The Malleus Maleficarum states, ...the greatest injuries to the Faith as regards the heresy of witches are done by midwives... (..

Bulk carrier and oil tanker ship construction The WritePass Journal

Bulk carrier and oil tanker ship construction Introduction: Bulk carrier and oil tanker ship construction Introduction:Types of Ships discussed: Bulk Carriers Oil TankerBulk Carriers: Tankers:Panting and Pounding arrangements as expressed below: (Diagrams Attached)Regional Stresses affecting Bulk Carriers: (Diagrams Attached)Bibliography:Related Introduction: Types of Ships discussed: Bulk Carriers Oil Tanker Here I discuss about two types of ships which are bulk carrier and oil tanker. The pictorial explanation gives general difference between both the vessels. Bulk Carriers: The name itself says that they carry products in bulk quantities. Ex: Edible commodities, raw materials and finished steel products. Bulk carriers can be with or without cargo gear. Those without will use the shore gear for cargo operations. The construction will be usually single or double hull with DB’s and TST’s. Side hopper tanks. During rough weathers the ballast is taken into the cargo hold so that CG comes down there by minimizing the stresses. Cargo grabs can enter easily due to wide opening of cargo hold. The excessive cutting area reduces deck strength, but suitably compensated with the hatch coaming structure. Pontoons will cover the cargo hold will differ in size, shape and operation depends on manufacturer. Pillars with deck girders supported by brackets and beams will take the weight of pontoons. The tanks tops are strong enough to bear stress caused by bulldozers or bob cats when they operate to collect cargo in cargo holds. Tankers: Tankers are designed to carry liquid cargos in bulk quantities depending on their size. The entire cargo operation will be through pipe lines. For carrying cargo operations they have to call berths fitted with chicksen or hoses. Smaller tankers usually used to supply bunkers and lube oils to the bigger vessels at anchorages. The vessels that carry gas also called as tankers. In shipping world tankers constitutes 35% tonnage presently. Tankers vary in size. From 500 GT to the world’s ultra large crude carrier MT.Hellespont Alhambra with dwt of 441,585. This type of ultra large tankers usually carry crude from the point of production to the refineries. The size and number of the cargo tanks will vary from ship to ship depending on the size and construction of the vessel. The divisions of the tanks are made possible by both longitudinal and transverse bulkheads with strengthened frames and corrugations to give extra strength to the bulkheads. These bulkheads in turn reduce rackin g stresses and prevent fire and flooding to progress to the other part of the vessel. The role function and general layout of bulk carrier and Tanker are explained above. Structural differences of Bulk carrier and Oil Tanker as follows: Structural Feature Bulk Carrier Oil Tanker Cargo Hold openings Large cargo hold openings Small opening to enter cargo hold Cargo Operation By Ship/Shore gear, Sling, suit or conveyor By pipe line Appearence Pipelines all around deck Comparatively less pipelines Cargo gear when fitted Cranes, Derricks Usually one or two mid ship cranes Extra Machinery Doesn’t require extra machinery Inert Gas, Separate pump room Construction of Hull Not Compulsory Double Hull Compulsory Cat walks Fitted Athwart ship Fitted longitudinally Cargo Tank Cleaning Easy Comparatively different and COW washing Company’s permission No need to obtain permission to enter in cargo hold. (Risk Assessment Carried out) Permission from company is mandatory, (Risk Assessment Carried out) Panting and Pounding arrangements as expressed below: (Diagrams Attached) Panting : The force exerted on ships side plating due to the vessels rising and falling due to waves is called panting. The bow part experience more pressure as compared to stern. Panting beams, stringers and deep floors will make the vessel to overcome this problem. Pounding :Â   During excessive pitching the fore foot bottom plating will slam the water with high force which is called as pounding. It could be because of excessive speed, much stern trim or too little ballast. By increasing the bottom plate thickness, longitudinal framings, transverse frames with side girders and more side frames helps the vessel to withstand these stresses. Regional Stresses affecting Bulk Carriers: (Diagrams Attached) Care to be taken always while loading and continuous monitoring for hogging and sagging. Sagging comes in the areas where more weight and hogging comes in the area of less weight. Uneven distribution of weight could lead the ship breaking into two. However even after loading to even keel still the vessel experiences this problem due to the waves. During rough weather extra care to be taken as the high raising waves provides extra buoyancy. Transverse Stress: These are caused due to force exerted from cargo or structural weights or motion in sea way which in turn affects the ships cross sectional area. Racking: Rolling causes ship’s deck to move laterally when compared to bottom thereby causing the side shells to move vertically relative to each other At any given time the stresses on board should be within the limits of harbor and sea going conditions as given in loadicator. Â   Bibliography: College Hand out, Moodle.stc.uk Classroom Running Notes Merchant ship construction by D.A.Tailor 3rd edition 1992 Merchant ship construction by P.J.Pursey 7th edition Glasgow 1983 Safe Tanker Operations by Capt.K.S.D.Mistree, A Marinez Publication There are other stresses which are equally important to discuss but due to the word restriction I was unable to discuss in this assignment. The Diagrams are enclosed separately to this assignment which most of the stress are explanatory.

The Formula for Boyles Law

The Formula for Boyle's Law Boyles law is a special case of the ideal gas law. This law applies only to ideal gases held at a constant temperature, allowing only the volume and pressure to change. Boyles Law Formula Boyles law is expressed as:PiVi PfVfwherePi initial pressureVi initial volumePf final pressureVf final volume Because temperature and amount of gas dont change, these terms dont appear in the equation.What Boyles law means is that the volume of a mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. This linear relationship between pressure and volume means doubling the volume of a given mass of gas decreases its pressure by half. It is important to remember the units for initial and final conditions are the same. Do not start with pounds and cubic inches for initial pressure and volume units and expect to find pascals and liters without converting the units first. There are two other common ways to express the formula for Boyles law. According to this law, at a constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is a constant: PV c or P ∠ 1/V Boyles Law Example Problem A 1 L volume of a gas is at a pressure of 20 atm. A valve allows the gas to flow into a 12 L container, connecting the two containers. What is the final pressure of this gas? A good place to start this problem is to write out the formula for Boyles law and identify which variables you know and which remain to be found. The formula is: P1V1 P2V2 You know: Initial pressure P1 20 atmInitial volume V1 1 Lfinal volume V2 1 L 12 L 13 Lfinal pressure P2 variable to find P1V1 P2V2 Dividing both sides of the equation by V2 gives you: P1V1 / V2 P2 Filling in the numbers: (20 atm)(1 L)/(13 L) final pressure final pressure 1.54 atm (not the correct number of significant figures, just so you know) If youre still confused, you may wish to review another worked Boyles Law problem. Interesting Boyles Law Facts Boyles law was the first physical law written as an equation that described the dependence of two variables. Before this, one variable was all you got.Boyles law is also known as the Boyle-Mariotte law or Mariottes law. Anglo-Irish Boyle published his law in 1662, but French physicist Edme Mariotte came up with the same relation independently in 1679.Although Boyles law describes the behavior of an ideal gas, it can be applied to real gases at normal temperature and low (ordinary) pressure. As temperature and pressure increase, gases start to deviate from any variation of the ideal gas law. Boyles Law and Other Gas Laws Boyles law is not the only special case of the ideal gas law. Two other common laws are  Charles law  (constant pressure) and Gay-Lussacs  law  (constant volume).

Team Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Building - Essay Example Conflict resolution process is essential to resolve conflicts that arise between individuals and/or groups. Conflicts can arise at many levels such as interpersonal levels, role level, between multiple parties, and at external levels (Fisher, 1977, Rev 1985 2000). At workplace, most common conflicts occur at interpersonal levels, which arise between individuals because of different needs, goals, and beliefs. The most common factor that is involved in interpersonal conflicts is the relationship between two individuals. It is very difficult for a third person, like a manager, to analyze interpersonal relationship between two individuals because relationships are shaped by a variety of incidents in the past. Hence, it becomes extremely challenging to resolve interpersonal conflicts that arise because of relationship history (Collins & O’Rourke, 2008a). Nevertheless, such conflicts can severely affect their performance and behavior. Hence, it becomes important for managers to addr ess conflicts at these levels in order to ensure smooth flow of work and maintain healthy environment in the team. Very often, interpersonal conflicts are trigged by lack of communication or misinterpretation of communication. Interpersonal conflicts can be addressed by fostering effective communication among team members. For this, the team members must first be made to realize the significance of communication in workplace. This can be achieved by conducting this simple teambuilding exercise named ‘Do you know what I mean?’ (Kumar, n.d). This teambuilding exercise involves participation from the entire team. Firstly, one volunteer from the team should be advised to draw different shapes/pictures of at least 10 different things that come to his/her mind on a chart. Next, the volunteer must instruct the team members verbally to draw these exact shapes without actually showing the chart. The team members may be allowed to ask questions. The result of this exercise will b e that none of the group’s pictures will match the original picture exactly (in shape and/or size), and some may be completely different. This exercise will make the team members realize the importance of communication in understanding the other person’s viewpoint in order to produce the desired outcome. Communication breakdown is considered as an important cause for interpersonal conflict. Therefore one has to possess or acquire effective communication skills to handle conflicts. Communication skills that are essential in conflict resolution include listening, asking appropriate questions, clarity of words and speech, and translating the conversation in the right manner that is acceptable to both the parties involved in the conflict. In this teambuilding exercise, the team members need to ask open ended questions so that they get a better idea of the picture that needs to be drawn. Open-ended questions help in acquiring more information from the other person; and begi n with words such as ‘how’ or ‘what.’ However, during conflicts, people tend to ask closed-ended questions that elicit only a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers (Collins & O’Rourke, 2008b). Open-ended questions provide more information and learning to the listeners. Another important aspect of communication, especially important in conflict resolution, is to listen to the other person. In the present exercise,

The development of business activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The development of business activities - Essay Example One of the major obstacles towards the increase of performance of the firm’s stores across the country seems to be the lack of fair and effective performance appraisal methods and reward systems; despite the fact that the performance appraisal methods should be based on the close cooperation between managers and employees (Falcone et al., 2007, 5) in DIY the level of cooperation among employees of different levels seems to be quite low. In fact, the store managers do not particularly interested in communicating with the employees of the store that is under their supervision – rather they are likely to emphasize on the increase of the profitability of the store – an increase of which they are going to be rewarded – through the Performance Related Pay (PRP) scheme applied to all the firm’s stores across Britain. At a next level, employees in DIY do not participate in the procedures related to the appraisal of their performance – even if their p articipation in the relevant schemes is required – as noted in the study of Harrington (2007, 58) where an emphasis is paid to the importance of performance reviews conducted by employees. It should be noted that no training of employees seems to be included in the firm’s current performance management system; training should be offered to employees and refer not only to the aspects of the firm’s performance management system but also to their skills – aiming to increase the employees’ skills and capabilities; such a training scheme would help towards the improvement of employees’ motivation.

Discuss Quasi-Experimental Designs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discuss Quasi-Experimental Designs - Coursework Example Multiple-baseline design differs from a reversal design in that the multiple-baseline design measures multiple variables prior to and after a treatment while a reversal design (also known as ABAB design) is a kind of single-case experimental design which can only measure a single case. Additionally, in Multiple-baseline design, treatment is often introduced to a multiple number of people at different intervals. Quasi-experiments have a number of advantages as well as potential weaknesses. Some of the major advantages of quasi-experiments include greater validity (as it involves more real world conditions) and significantly much more feasibility given logistical and time constraints (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008). On the other hand, the weaknesses of quasi experiments include less controlled variables, and lack of randomness. The absence of randomization is a fundamental weakness as it can lead to weaker evidence by making. This weakness does not always matter as long as it is recognized as quasi- experiment offers a powerful research tool especially in areas where true experiments may not be feasible. Yes, when participants are randomly assigned to groups, it is assumed that the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study. This is particularly attributed to the randomness of the selection. However, the participants eventually became nonequivalent at the end due to the researcher’s lack of control over the selected participants for ach group. This may be solved by using pretests and covariance experimental designs. The particular outcomes of a given study can be used to effectively suggest that a threat is likely to have been present include covariation, temporal precedence as well as the presence of other plausible alternative explanation for the research results may reveal a threat to the validity of the research. a. Non-equivalent control group pretest only: Involves comparing the treatment and comparison

The Origins of the Urban Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Origins of the Urban Crisis - Essay Example The term, 'American Dream' was coined by James Adams, in his book, 'The Epics of America' and the American Dream is the very pulse of the country, as signified by the personified Statue of Liberty. The American Dream, as envisaged by the early Americans, is the utopian condition of living in pursuit of liberty, happiness and luxury. It lays down that one must work hard and persevere, in order to live in comfort and happiness. Early immigrants to America were attracted by the fact that they could now live in a country, where there would not exist any forcible acquisition of land or impoverished conditions. They felt that this new land upheld their hopes of working hard and earning their due, providing opportunity to grow and live in absolute harmony and comfort. The American Dream grew in its dimensions during the Industrial Revolution, which enabled the increment in production and provided opportunities to labor and earn money. This, in turn, increased the Standard of Living in America, which furthered the dream. The Dream reached its pinnacle in the 19th century, when people shifted base to America, to try their fortunes and truly live a cherished life of luxury, liberty and happiness. Thus, the American Dream is a vision that propelled the forefather and early immigrants of America to work harder, live successfully and comfortably and enjoy the very essence of life. Change in the American Dream The forefathers of the American nation, who envisaged and coined the term, the American Dream envisioned a hard working and prosperous nation, rising above the rest of the world. The aim of the American Dream was to realize the ideals that it put forth. The ideals of liberty, luxury, comfort, perseverance and happiness were the most striking of them all. America did progress in this direction, winning one ideal after the other. The 19th century led to the glorious success of the envisaged dream. However, things gradually began to change and change towards slow declination. The urge to rule the world began to replace the passion to live successfully, which brought about a major shift in the process of contemplation. This brought about the frenzy of achieving military superiority, above the improvisation of the country's progress in other spheres. The World War II brought about a great shift in the American Dream and its very concepts and ideals. The participation of neutral America in the World War II was a betrayal of the hopes of the millions of Americans, who had previously endured the Depression and the World War I. The result of the World War II led to the supremacy of the United States of America, which began to don the role of the dominant industrial nation of the world. Detroit was one of the fast growing industrial cities of America, thanks to Ford, who developed the dream

The UN has failed in its central role, the maintenance of Essay - 1

The UN has failed in its central role, the maintenance of international peace and security. what is the role of the UN in world affairs and what it future prospects - Essay Example This position is nominated by Security Council and elected by General assembly. The person in this position cannot be a citizen of any member states that are permanent. The secretary general is always from an average power and never had prior fame, always high powered people are selected for the post but are disallowed for several reasons (Gallup 2004) By the early 1960s the former president of USSR, Nikita, tried to abolish the secretary general’s position. Nikita felt that this position favored the Western powers as the number of member states that are permanent surpassed the communists. To replace this position he suggested a three member board to be appointed. The panel would be a representation of western power, non-aligned and communists’ states. The proposal was neglected as non-member states were never for the proposal. Since the start of this organization several UN secretaries have been spotted for their engagement in the affair of the world. Carl Hammarskjold was selected as the secretary general in the year 1953. In this position, he ruled for 8 years until he met his death in a plane crash. Carl was a son to a former prime minister of Sweden Hjalmar Hammarskjold. Before he joined this organization UN, he held several jobs that were ranked middle in the government of Sweden. He was chosen to be the UN sec retary general in 1953 (Altschiller 1993) Hammarskjold’s greatest challenge came when the republic of Congo was created. With this part of the region achieving freedom from the French colonialists, the native tribes were very volatile. There was a power vacuum created making the state vulnerable to civil war. Hammarskjold supervised the process of election following an appeal from UN state assistance. There was a quick war break out and people felt that the UN had failed. The Soviet Union stated that the efforts of UN were insignificant and instantly asked for Hammarskjold’s

Discussion Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion - Movie Review Example the artist work in this painting as a journey to the other side of an illusion, which is a revelation of how Raphael created the alluring images that were appealing to his wealthy renaissance clients like the pope and his moneylender who were the richest men in Europe. According to Mathew, Raphael in his paintings employs vibrant color harmony which grasps with high intuitively long before the advent of the color theories. Raphael exploits the use of color effects to bring out the impression of extraordinary depth in his artistic work. The last judgment is an art in a post renaissance era. The painting is to communicate what is coming on the judgment day. The image of Jesus Christ is at the center of the picture with the Angels and the followers of Christ around him, this is a symbol of Jesus at the central position being in charge of the world. Below the image of Christ is the portrait of Angels blowing trumpet signaling the dead to rise. The Angels who are blowing trumpets are holding two books, a little book, and another large one. The little book is a book with the list of the saved while the other large one is the book for the dead. Painting of the Angels has souls of the dead on both their right and left sides. During the final judgment, there will be the place for the dead and a place for the saved. The picture shows souls on the right side of Christ rising from the dead and ascending into heaven while on his left are the souls of the dead falling back into the dead. On the same picture below is an image of hell at a glance, Satan is at its gate waiting to receive the souls falling into the dead. Jesus at the center of this painting with his fingers gesturing a show of direction is symbolic, on the last judgment Jesus will give directions on those who are to rise to heaven and those to fall. Venus of Urbana is an oil painting by Italian master Titian in the year 1538. The painting is a portrait of a naked young woman who identifies with the goddess Venus.

The UN has failed in its central role, the maintenance of Essay - 1

The UN has failed in its central role, the maintenance of international peace and security. what is the role of the UN in world affairs and what it future prospects - Essay Example This position is nominated by Security Council and elected by General assembly. The person in this position cannot be a citizen of any member states that are permanent. The secretary general is always from an average power and never had prior fame, always high powered people are selected for the post but are disallowed for several reasons (Gallup 2004) By the early 1960s the former president of USSR, Nikita, tried to abolish the secretary general’s position. Nikita felt that this position favored the Western powers as the number of member states that are permanent surpassed the communists. To replace this position he suggested a three member board to be appointed. The panel would be a representation of western power, non-aligned and communists’ states. The proposal was neglected as non-member states were never for the proposal. Since the start of this organization several UN secretaries have been spotted for their engagement in the affair of the world. Carl Hammarskjold was selected as the secretary general in the year 1953. In this position, he ruled for 8 years until he met his death in a plane crash. Carl was a son to a former prime minister of Sweden Hjalmar Hammarskjold. Before he joined this organization UN, he held several jobs that were ranked middle in the government of Sweden. He was chosen to be the UN sec retary general in 1953 (Altschiller 1993) Hammarskjold’s greatest challenge came when the republic of Congo was created. With this part of the region achieving freedom from the French colonialists, the native tribes were very volatile. There was a power vacuum created making the state vulnerable to civil war. Hammarskjold supervised the process of election following an appeal from UN state assistance. There was a quick war break out and people felt that the UN had failed. The Soviet Union stated that the efforts of UN were insignificant and instantly asked for Hammarskjold’s

Effects of Divorce Essay Example for Free

Effects of Divorce Essay Divorce can be defined as the termination of a marital union, the canceling of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and the dissolving of the bonds of matrimony between married couples (Wikipedia, 2013). Divorce affects the couple and children (if any). The divorce is the most serious social problem that affects almost the entire life of the children and the couple, it also makes troubles like: sadness, despair, and unforgettable moments (Williams, 2013). In this paper, I will be discussing the factors contributing to divorce in Canada and will also explain certain statistics used as well. The methodologies that I will be using are both the qualitative and quantitative approach. The reasons I am using both of them are because by using the quantitative research, I will develop mathematical hypotheses pertaining to the phenomena. Also to analyze this topic with the use of statistics to make it somewhat accurate, while for quantitative; because it will explain in word data about my information. I strongly believe that these two forms of methodology will properly explain the factors contributing to divorce. The history of the legalization of divorce in Canada predates that of its colonial overseer, England, where it was only in 1857 that divorce was legislated, mainly on grounds of adultery. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island respectively enacted divorce laws in 1761, 1791, and 1837, generally on grounds of adultery (Wu Schimmele, 2009). It was not until 1968 that Canada enacted its first unified Federal Divorce Act, which was followed by the more liberal or no fault act of 1985 and it was mentioned that the sole reason for divorce is marriage breakdown, which is defined as either living apart for at least one year, or committing adultery, or treating the other spouse with physical or mental cruelty. Though divorce rates have not increased recently in Canada, the number of divorced persons is however increasing with population growth. In 2007, there were 972,183 divorced women and 712,531 divorced men in the population (Statistics Canada, 2007). The difference between the men and women is because divorced men re-partner faster and more than women and also because women live longer than men.

Long Term And Short Term Goals General Studies Essay

Long Term And Short Term Goals General Studies Essay Long term goals could be described as a desired end effect for example; becoming a computer engineer is a long term goal for someone not in a related field. A good example of a short term goal would be that a person needs to fulfill an academic process giving that person the tools to obtain that career. Long term goals could be described as destinations and short term goals could be described as the route taken to lead someone to their destination. Values control a persons life rules therefore dictating their options for long term goals. Values are very important to goal setting because it is a part of what drives a person to decide on what their long term goals are and what they will do to achieve those goals as well as act as a motivator to drive them to complete their goals. Creating short term goals are like plotting a route on a map. Once you have determined a persons long term goals it is important to set waypoints to guide that person to their destination. This is how setting short term goals should be approached. There are similar systems for planning in the military called backwards planning. It is helpful to work backwards from your long term goals. For example; to get a job at a software firm a person must have a degree in a field needed by the software firm. To get a degree one must go to school and pass all the required classes to obtain the degree. In order to pass the classes that person must sign up for those classes. From this point the short term goals start to appear more like daily tasks, this is because short term goals can vary from daily to weekly to monthly. Some tactics used to achieving these goals are to define in detail goals that a person wants to achieve both short and long term this includes creating a time table for that person to check their progress and to see where they stand. It is also important to have partners that can help keep one another accountable for reaching their goals. Personally, this is a good tactic because people can help each other to strategize and brainstorm to create better detail for their goals. Finally it is important to anticipate problems; this is done by reviewing goals and developments that may impact progress. If a problem can be anticipated it a person has more time to react and adjust or prepare for a possible hitch in their plan. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 10 Total Points 50 50 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 50 Comments: Feedback: Excellent Robert You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Shelinda No Name on Checkpoint Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? The difference between short-and long term goals is that a short term goal is something youre planning on doing within the next month and long term goal is what youre planning on having in the next year or so. Im going to school now and and in two years ill have my degree after that I will be working and saving my money up and in two more years I will have my own beauty shop. I am already doing my short time goal because I gave myself by December to be in college and im actually in college, I also plan on maintaining my dreams by never giving up and keep my mind focus on my future. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 5 Short term goals should not exceed six months. You have at least one stretching out to 2011. Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 0 Not answered Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 0 Not answered List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 0 Not answered Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 0 No name on CP -3. Does not meet word count. Typo and word use errors Total Points 50 5 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 5 Comments: Feedback: Hi Shelinda Your short term goals are not specific to your long term goal. Your short term goals reach too far into the future. Please look over the reading material and my handouts regarding goals. Cindy Ewing The difference between short- and long-term goals, are that long- term goals are set to be reached in six months or more. A long term goal may be a goal that would take two years. Short-term goals are like taking small steps to get to the end of my long term goal. It is like a baby, one must learn to crawl before one can walk, Taking baby steps before one can run. My goal will be easier to achieve if I take small steps, or set short-term goals. My personal value is achieving my associate degree. I value this because, it is just for me. It is something that I wanted to do for a long time. I value what my degree will mean to me and where it will take me within the next three years. Along the way I will learn other valuable education tools to reach my goal. To prioritize my goal, I need to focus on my long-term goal; I need to know what value I have placed on that goal. The value I have placed on my goal is that I will be able to change my career, better myself, and achieve something that I have made excuses for why I could not do it. I need to prioritize my fulltime job, my responsibility of being a manager, my family, my schooling. All of these elements play apart in me achieving my goal. I need to list how much of the extra time I spend at work can I eliminate, I have an assistant, I need to shift some of my duties, my family is my support system, so there is understanding there that my school will take much of my free time. A friend of mine, they had a goal to buy a house within one year. They taped a picture of a house similar to what was wanted to the refrigerator. This serves as a reminder everyday why a night out, or a weekend get-away, or a shopping spree did not factor in at the time. That goal was reached for them in the time frame that was set. I can do the same with my goal. The career I want after earning my degree can be posted on my refrigerator. This will remind me why I should not do some of the things I have been use to doing. Skip the movies, or watching a television show, beside I can record it for later viewing. With my values in place, my priorities in order I am sure to succeed in meeting my goal. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 10 Total Points 50 50 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 50 Comments: Feedback: Excellent Cindy You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Dreama Lane The difference from short and long term goals is; short- term goals are stepping stones toward the reach of a long- term goal. As in saying that you will have to break down your plans to reach the full long- term goal; long-term goals are attaining goals over a long period of time. You have to establish determination to make the effort of consistently to reach the goal. A person can align their long- term goals to their personal values by choosing whats more important in their goals. The more your goals reflects your values, the successful your motivation and desire to meet them. Some strategies for prioritizing short- term goals are: you can break the goals down in to groups that represent the first important steps of the short- goals. It will show the steps the time frame. Prioritizing will help you evaluate and handle the goals in order. Figure out what goals are very important, weigh your oppositions. By completing the goals you have to be attentive and focus all your energy on them. you can consider the evaluation of your values, your personal dilemma, and time commitments. After you accomplish the goal you would like to reach, define your goal achievement strategy, what will it take for you to reach your goals. Establishing what you have to do to carry the goal out, if you have to put this goal as first priority keep in mind that you have to take one step at a time. You can set a time limit for when you want to achieve any goals. Keep track of your progress so you can know how much further you have to go to reach the objective time period. Strive to achieve to move forward no matter what, follow your guide for completion to stay on top, even if you have to mark it down with a check list. Dont put all your eggs in one basket, be prepared to have a back up plan, in case your plans dont fall in order. You will have to re-evaluate your priorities until you can find what works best for you. Its best to anticipate for minor glitches, follow your steps map out the plan to help you reach the goals. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 8 Minor errors, proofread your work. Total Points 50 48 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 48 Comments: Feedback: Excellent Dreama You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Harris Williams Topic: Goal Setting A long-term goal is goals that can be achieved in a six-month or longer period. A short-term goal is a goal that is expected to be achieved within 6 months or less. In my opinion, the difference in long and short-term goals is the amount of time that it takes to achieve the goal. For example, if a person is thinking about going back to school to get his or her masters degree, and presently the person only has an associates degree. In this scenario, the persons short-term goal would probably be the steps it would take to enroll at their school of choice. The long-term goal would be to earn the masters degree. For a person who is seeking to set a long-term goal, it would be a good idea to plan how you plan to achieve your goal. By it being a long-term goal, planning will be very important, because you need to realistically know that your goal can be reached and how you will fit it into your daily schedule. Some ways to prioritize your short term goals would be to make sure everything else that is of value to you is fitted into your schedule. It is very important to balance out school, work, and family time. Often times when people set goals, we really intend on achieving them, especially in the beginning, when the goal is set. Some of the goals we set whether long or short are reachable, but there is a valuable step in setting goals that we often do not do, it is called planning. To plan a goal, it would be helpful to write them down, make a few copies of your goals, post your goals in places where you will notice them, always have a realistic goal that is possible to reach. If your goal is impossible to reach, you could be wasting valuable time that could be put into a possible goal. For example, a realistic short-term goal could be to wake up every morning and do ten push-ups before I go to work, this can be achieved. An unrealistic short-term goal would be to get my masters within the next 2 years without an associates degree. Check Point: Creating Goals. Objective of Exercise: Creating Goals Review the reading and respond to the following questions in a 350- to 500-word response to the Individual forum by Week 5 Day 4. What is the difference between short- and long-term goals? How does a person align his or her long-term goals to their personal values? What are some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? What are some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 40 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Identify the difference between short- and long-term goals? 10 10 Describes how a person aligns his or her long-term goals to their personal values? 10 10 Describe some strategies for prioritizing short-term goals? 10 10 List some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals? 10 10 Mechanics10 Points Possible Points Possible Points Earned Comments Rules of grammar, usage and punctuation are followed. Word count is met. 10 10 Total Points 50 50 Submitted on Time: Adjusted Points 50 Comments: Feedback: Superb Harris You have identified the differences between long and short term goals. How they can be applied and how to maintain focus to reach the goals. Stefanie Wright The differences in short term goals and long term goals are; long term goals you plan to attain over a period of six months or longer. Short term goals are smaller steps you take to get to your long term goal. A person would align their long term goals to their personal values by establishing what their long term goals are, and applying their personal values to them. For example my long term goal is to further my education and working full-time and being a mom. I have to keep my work ethic in mind as well as my family values in order to manage all three. Some strategies for prioritizing short term goals would be to evaluate everything you want to achieve pick out what goals are most important and focus on those goals. Some techniques for maintaining focus to achieve goals as listed in Keys to College Studying. Define your goal achievement strategy, map out steps and focus on events that are under your control. Set a timetable, make a time line that is realistic that shows specific de adlines. Monitor your progress, compare your planned time line and steps to actually where youre at see if you need to adjust some things. Be accountable and Responsible, make yourself accountable by reporting to yourself or others to keep on track. Anticipate problem

Advertisement Analysis :: Marketing Advertising Business

Advertisement Analysis The United States has some of the most intelligent citizens and some of the most advanced technologies and medicine, yet our illiteracy rate has still not diminished. According to a recent government report form The National Institute for Literacy, â€Å"There are many adults with low literacy skills (approximately 44 million) who lack the foundation they need to find and keep decent jobs support their children’s education and participate actively in civic life†. This advertisement was done to inspire people, and perhaps specifically minorities, to read, by using a celebrity influence. This work shows that reading provides new ideas and a greater depth of knowledge, by utilizing deep space and contrast. The artist conveys his or her message by creating a deep and high space. One views this photograph from a very low vantage point, so we are looking up at essentially all of the objects in this work. The lines on the right wall are vertical,and point up to the bright light above. The line from that point travels back due to the other six light in the hallway. The lights hover in space like ideas over our heads. The fashion, in which they take your eye deep into the photograph, is like the path that a story leads us down, or the path of learning that our brain follows. This representation of deep spaceis symbolic of the vastness of information there is to be gained by reading. The artist uses high contrast to emphasize lightness and darkness. The fact that there are definite and distinct light and dark areas attract one to look at it. The highest contrast of value is the lightthat is furthest away. This extremity of white against black is the focal point of the piece, and aids in creating the depth. The contrast between light and dark, are symbolic of the contrast of ignorance and enlightenment. Another way the artist captures the idea of ignorance versus enlightenment is by having Whoopi Goldberg reading in a hallway. One does not generally associate hallways with open space, but because there are a series of doorways that run on the left side of the hall, it is as if it is saying there are multiple regions of information to discover. It represents one thought leading to another. Doorways in the hall eliminate the tension in the room and really help to open it up.